Week 3, Quarter 1 - 7th and 8th Grade English

Homework & Class Activities for 7^th & 8^th Grade English

Mrs. Rice

Week 3, Quarter 1

7th Grade – Monday 8/24 (6*, 7*, 1*)

·         Sacred Writing Time (SWT) 8/24

·         Misspelled/Misused Word List Glued into “Word Study” section of Comp Book

·         Root of the Week #1 – DOC

·         Multi-Media Review Presentation

Homework:  Read September Scope, p. 2-10.  Complete activity on p. 2 and 3 directly in magazine.  Complete Close Read Activity for article “Why Are Your Clothes So Cheap?”

Due Friday, 8/28

8^th Grade – Monday 8/24 ( 4*)

·         Collect any late Class Policy Letters/Student Release Forms/Summer Reading Logs

·         Sacred Writing Time (SWT) – “Loss”

·         Portfolio and 7^th Grade Comp Book – Reflection and Learning Goals

Homework:  Read September Scope, p. 2-10.  Complete activity on p. 2 and 3 directly in magazine.  Complete Close Read Activity for article “Why Are Your Clothes So Cheap?”

  due Thurs 2/27 (2* only) and Fri 2/28 (3*, 4*)

7^th Grade – Tuesday 8/25 (6*) and Wednesday 8/26 (7*, 1*)

·         6* Tuesday = Team Meeting to Set Up Team Name!

·         7* and 1* Wednesday = Fall Reading MAP Test

Homework:  Read September Scope, p. 2-10.  Complete activity on p. 2 and 3 directly in magazine.  Complete Close Read Activity for article “Why Are Your Clothes So Cheap?”

Due Friday, 8/28

8^th Grade – Tuesday 8/25 (2*,3*,4*)

·         Sacred Writing Time (SWT) 8/25

·         Misspelled/Misused Word List Glued into “Word Study” section of Comp Book

·         Root of the Week #1 – DOC

·         Multi-Media Review Presentation

·         Start Quack Video – Poetic Devices (notes in Notes/Activities Section of Comp Book)

Homework:  Read September Scope, p. 2-10.  Complete activity on p. 2 and 3 directly in magazine.  Complete Close Read Activity for article “Why Are Your Clothes So Cheap?”

  due Thurs 2/27 (2* only) and Fri 2/28 (3*, 4*

8^th Grade – Wednesday 8/25 (2*, 3*, 4*)

·         2* = Anti-Bullying Presentation (Counselors)

·         3* and 4* = Fall Reading MAP Test

Homework:  Read September Scope, p. 2-10.  Complete activity on p. 2 and 3 directly in magazine.  Complete Close Read Activity for article “Why Are Your Clothes So Cheap?”

  due Thurs 2/27 (2* only) and Fri 2/28 (3*, 4*)

7^th Grade – Thursday 8/26 (6*, 7*, 1*)

·         SWT 8/27

·         Root of the Week – DOC

·         Notes on the Short Story (Notes and Activities Section of Comp Book)

·         Read Aloud, model text “The Escape”

Homework:  Read September Scope, p. 2-10.  Complete activity on p. 2 and 3 directly in magazine.  Complete Close Read Activity for article “Why Are Your Clothes So Cheap?”

Due tomorrow (assigned 1 week ago)

8^th Grade – Thursday 8/26 (2*) and Friday 8/27 (3*, 4*)

·         SWT 8/26 (2*) and 8/27 (3*, 4*)

·         Finish Root of the Week Activity (Doc)

·         Collect Close Read Activity – partner discussion

·         Hand out and Review Letter Writing Packet

Homework:  Re-read September Scope p. 4-10.  Complete 5 questions in packet, then complete brief on-line research of your favorite brand.  Finally, type your first draft of your letter.  Be sure to follow the letter outline and sample in your packet.  Questions and letter due Thurs 9/3

7^th Grade – Friday 8/27 (6*, 7*, 1* crunch)

·         SWT 8/27  - The 5 Minute Short Story

·         Collect Close Read Activity – partner discussion

·         Hand out and Review Letter Writing Packet

Homework:  Re-read September Scope p. 4-10.  Complete 5 questions in packet, then complete brief on-line research of your favorite brand.  Finally, type your first draft of your letter.  Be sure to follow the letter outline and sample in your packet.  Questions and letter due Tuesday 9/8

Can't Make It to Parent Night? Here are Highlights for English

Parent Night Information for English Class

Mrs. Jennifer Rice, M.Ed. -  room 340

jrice@washoeschools.net

blog:  www.bdbrice.blogspot.com

7^th Grade Curriculum Highlights                                                  

Greek/Latin root and prefix study                                          

Literary analysis using elements of literature                      

Close-analysis of informational text                                       

Introduction to poetic devices                                               

 Citing text evidence                                               

 Constructed response                                                              

Personal narrative                                                                     

Compare/Contrast essay                                                         

Writing fluency and idea development                

Multi-media critique                                                                 

The Civil Rights Movement                                                      

Independent reading and response                                       

Accountable Talk                                                                      

Summer reading log (between 7^th and 8^th grade)               

8^th Grade Curriculum Highlights

Greek/Latin root and prefix study

Elements of literature review

Close-analysis of informational text

Poetry analysis using poetic devices

3 part parallel thesis for organizing

Expository essay with support  

 Developing persuasive arguments

 Plagiarism and paraphrasing research    

 Writing dialogue and using quotations 

 Multi-media critique   

  The Holocaust

Independent reading and response

Socratic Seminar

Analyzing text structure and purpose

                                                      

What You Can Expect To See At Home

1)      Scholastic Scope Literary Magazine  - students are given their own magazine each month, and the majority of homework activities are assigned from various pieces in the magazine.  Feel free to read with your son/daughter as the topics are current and of high interest.  Homework is assigned at the end of each week and due the end of the following week.

On-line version = scope.scholastic.com  Student log-in = Rice340, but that will expire in September.  A new log in is TBA.

2)       Novel Projects/Essays – during one grading quarter, an independent novel project with reader’s journals will go home.  A weekly breakdown of work for the project is provided.  In 8^th grade, an in-class novel will also require chapter readings at home.  You will also see various writing drafts on those occasions they aren’t finished in class.

3)      A Completed Tracker – students are given time and prompting at the beginning of every class period to write their homework from the agenda board and highlight due dates.

4)      Study Guides – vocabulary/spelling quizzes every 4-5 weeks on our weekly word-study of Greek and Latin roots and prefixes, and unit test study guides.

5)      Multimedia Critique – students only bring this assignment home for one week during the entire school year.  When you see it on Infinite Campus with a blank score, that simply means it’s not yet your child’s turn, or he/she has gone already.  A blank score does not affect the overall grade. 

What You Won’t See At Home

1)      In-Class Work – all classwork is kept in the composition book in the classroom and is given a completion score once or twice a quarter.

2)      Final Writing Drafts – all graded essays are kept in the student’s English portfolio.  Portfolios and composition books will go home the end of 8^th grade.

3)      Text Book – The literature anthology and writing texts are used in class only.  

English Class Policy and Procedure - 7th & 8th Grade

Welcome to English!

 Mrs. Rice, room 340 – jrice@washoeschools.net

 For a list of weekly homework assignments, due dates, and daily class activities, visit my blog at www.bdbrice.blogspot.com.

In middle school English, we approach text in various ways, including close reading, writing, speaking, and listening.  We focus on reading comprehension and vocabulary, working with the writing traits and various writing genres, and analyzing both literary and informational text in its many forms.  The curriculum is a combination of textbooks and supplemental materials and includes both individual and group projects. 


Tracker
You must bring your tracker to class every day.  It will remain in your binder at all times. As soon as you are seated, copy the homework information from the agenda board into your tracker EXACTLY as you see it.  When you finish, take out your highlighter and highlight the due dates. Even if you have already finished an assignment, please write it in the tracker for reference.  Your tracker must be filled out properly if you would like to use a pass during class.  You are also receiving credit in Advisory for completing your tracker.


Composition Book
A composition notebook is required for English.  The composition book will remain in the classroom except for rare occasions when you need to finish class assignments at home.  The comp book is set up very specifically and we will do this in class. It is your responsibility to make up sacred writing time entries, notes, and other in-class assignments if you are absent.  I will keep a running table of contents on the homework bulletin board, and will give you one week notice before comp books are graded for you to make up any missing assignments and complete unfinished work.    


Revising Work/Retaking Tests
You have the opportunity to revise or redo most assignments, and I will often write “revise and return for further credit” in Infinite Campus.  Quizzes may be retaken, but unit tests are a final grade.  My classroom is open at lunch nearly every day for test retakes and help with class work or homework.  You can also come in after school any day except Wednesdays.  Make the most of this opportunity! 


Grading Policy and Extra Credit
 I use a standard point grading system which means that some projects and assignments are worth more points than others.  The following grade scale will be used in every core class: 90-100 = A, 80-89 = B, 70-79 = C, 60-69 = D, 59-0 = F.  Grades will be posted in the classroom, and assignments and scores will be updated on Infinite Campus every
week. I do not typically offer extra credit as a means to improve grades.  You can improve your grade by redoing/revising any assignment so that I know you are working on the skills required for the class. I am always generous with the extra credit, however, when I receive work from a student who has gone above and beyond the requirements.


Late Work Policy
Late work will be accepted for 75% credit of the earned score.  Missing assignments at the end of the quarter will be accepted for 50% credit of the earned score.  Long term projects and multi-media reviews will not be accepted late. You are given the same number of days you were absent plus one day to make up missing assignments at no penalty.  Work Ethic grades are lowered ½ grade for each missing and/or late assignment per quarter.


Homework
Weekly homework is assigned at the end of each week and is due at the end of the following week.  The majority of homework throughout the year will consist of various readings and activities from Scholastic Scope, a literary magazine for middle school students.  The magazine is yours to keep, and you will receive one per month.  Each week of the month you will be given homework assignments from the magazine, so it’s important that you don’t lose it.  Other homework assignments throughout the year will include an independent novel project, chapter readings from an assigned novel (8th grade), and various writing pieces when needed to be completed at home. The magazine can be accessed on line at scope.scholastic.com.  Password is to be announced. 


Multimedia Critique
You will sign up for one week during the school year to take home the multimedia binder.  Your job will be to write a critique on one of the following: a movie, video game, book, or music album of your choice. Examples of how to write each type of critique will be provided for you in the binder as well as a model of a book critique.  The following Monday, you will present your critique to the class using one visual aide.  During the grading period in which you have signed up, you will earn 100 points for completing the activity.


Spelling/Vocabulary Tests
In addition to the vocabulary you will be studying from various stories, we will focus on one Latin or Greek prefix/root and a corresponding word each week.  After four weeks, you will be tested on both spelling and definitions.  You are always tested on all of the roots and words we’ve studied, plus the four new ones.  Knowledge of common prefixes and root words help us figure out the meaning of new words we encounter.


                                          Parent/Guardian, please initial after review ____  Due:

Week 2, Quarter 1 - 7th & 8th Grade English

Homework & Class Activities for 7^th & 8^th Grade English

Mrs. Rice

Week 2, Quarter 1

7th Grade – Monday 8/17 (6*, 7*, 1*) crunch = shortened classes

·         Sacred Writing Time Seating Chart

·         Composition Notebook Set Up

Homework:  None (don’t get used to that J )  Please check Infinite Campus for missing work.

8^th Grade – Monday 8/17 (2*, 3*, 4*)

·         Finish Comp Book Set Up and Vote!

·         Review Class Policy Letter and NBCT Student Release Form

·         Set Up Partner Seating Charts

Homework:  Parents Need to Review and Initial Blue Class Policy Letter.  Parents Need to Read and Fill Out Student Release Form (be sure to circle the permission) = Due Thursday 8/20

7^th Grade – Tuesday 8/18 (6*, 7*, 1*)

·         Finish Composition Notebook Set Up

·         Room Tour

·         Class Policy Letter and NBCT Student Release Form

Homework:  Parents Need to Review and Initial Blue Class Policy Letter.  Parents Need to Read and Fill Out Student Release Form (be sure to circle the permission) = Due Friday 8/21

8^th Grade – Tuesday 8/18 (2*) and Wednesday 8/19 (3*,4*)

·         Kid President Video and Sacred Writing Time Prompt

·         Multi-Media Review Sign Ups and Examples

·         Review September Scholastic Scope Magazine feature article, “Why Are Your Clothes So Cheap?” and video introduction on clothing manufacturing conditions in Bangladesh

·         Hand out and review Close-Read Activity

Homework:  Parents Need to Review and Initial Blue Class Policy Letter.  Parents Need to Read and Fill Out Student Release Form (be sure to circle the permission) = Due Thursday 8/20

Read September Scope, p. 2-10.  Complete activity on p. 2 and 3.  Complete Close Read Activity for article “Why Are Your Clothes So Cheap?” – due Thurs 2/27 (2* only) and Fri 2/28 (3*, 4*)

7^th Grade – Wednesday 8/19 (6*, 7) and Thursday 8/20 (1*)

·         Collect early Class Policy letters and Student Release Forms

·         Multi-Media Review Sign Ups and Example

·         Partner Seating Charts

Homework:  Parents Need to Review and Initial Blue Class Policy Letter.  Parents Need to Read and Fill Out Student Release Form (be sure to circle the permission) = Due Friday 8/21

8^th Grade – Thursday 8/20 (2*, 3*, 4*)

·         Collect Class Policy Letters and Student Release Forms

·         Vote on Composition Notebooks!

·         Password Set Up and Trip to the Library Computer Lab/Library Policies

Homework:  Read September Scope, p. 2-10.  Complete activity on p. 2 and 3 directly in magazine.  Complete Close Read Activity for article “Why Are Your Clothes So Cheap?”

  due Thurs 2/27 (2* only) and Fri 2/28 (3*, 4*)

7^th Grade – Friday 8/21 (6*, 7*, 1*) plus a team meeting

·         Collect Class Policy Letters and Student Release Forms

·         Glue Partner Seating Charts into Comp Book

·         7* only = choose D partners and vote on comp books

·         Review September Scholastic Scope Magazine feature article, “Why Are Your Clothes So Cheap?” and video introduction on clothing manufacturing conditions in Bangladesh

·         Hand out and review Close-Read Activity

Homework:  Read September Scope, p. 2-10.  Complete activity on p. 2 and 3 directly in magazine.  Complete Close Read Activity for article “Why Are Your Clothes So Cheap?”

Due Friday, 8/28

8^th Grade – Friday 8/21 (2*, 3*)

·         Collect any late Class Policy Letters/Student Release Forms/Summer Reading Logs

·         Sacred Writing Time (SWT) – “Loss”

·         Portfolio and 7th Grade Comp Book - Reflection and Learning Goals

Homework:  Read September Scope, p. 2-10.  Complete activity on p. 2 and 3 directly in magazine.  Complete Close Read Activity for article “Why Are Your Clothes So Cheap?”

  due Thurs 2/27 (2* only) and Fri 2/28 (3*, 4*)

Week 1, Quarter 1 - 7th & 8th Grade English

Homework & Class Activities for 7^th & 8^th Grade English

Mrs. Rice

Week 1, Quarter 1

7th Grade – Monday 8/10 (6*, 7*, 1*) 12 min classes

·         Hand out and review “Letter to Self”

·         Hand out Yearbook Applications

·         Review Composition Notebook Requirements

Homework:  Letter to Self due on Thurs 8/13

Bring your school ID or printed schedule to English on Thursday 8/13 (needed for library)

Personalize (decorate) your composition notebook – due on Monday 8/17

8^th Grade – Monday 8/10 (2*, 3*, 4*) 12 min classes

·         Hand out and review park note

·         Collect summer reading logs

·         Review Composition Notebook Requirements

Homework:  Wear team t-shirt and bring water bottle tomorrow for team builders at the park
 Summer reading log due by Friday 8/14

 Personalize (decorate) your composition notebook – due on Friday 8/14

7^th Grade – Tuesday 8/11 (1*)

·         Core team meeting – review team policies and supply list

Homework:  Letter to Self due Thursday 8/13

Signed team policy letter due Thursday 8/13

Bring your school ID or printed schedule to English on Thursday 8/13 (needed for library)

Personalize (decorate) your composition notebook – due on Monday 8/17

8^th Grade – Tuesday 8/11 (2*, 3*, 4*)

·         2* = small group review and presentation of team policies and procedures

·         3* and 4* = Welcome Back Team Dauntless team builders and lunch at the park

Homework:  Core team policy letter reviewed and signed by parent – due Friday 8/14

Summer reading log due by Friday 8/14

Personalize (decorate) your composition notebook – due on Friday 8/14

7^th Grade – Wednesday 8/12 (6*, 7*, 1*)

·         Welcome New 7^th Graders! Team builders and lunch at the park

Homework:  Letter to Self due Thursday 8/13

 Signed team policy letter due Thursday 8/13

Bring your school ID or printed schedule to English on Thursday 8/13 (needed for library)

Personalize (decorate) your composition notebook – due on Monday 8/17

8^th Grade – Wednesday 8/12 (2*, 3*) and Thursday 8/13 (4*)

·         Collect signed core team policy letters and summer reading logs

·         “50 Things to Know About Mrs. Rice’s Class” – whole group discussion and review

Homework:  Core team policy letter reviewed and signed by parent – due by Friday 8/14

Summer reading log due by Friday 8/14

7^th Grade – Thursday 8/13 (6*, 7*, 1*)

·         Collect homework – “Letter to Self”

·         Collect Core Team Policy Letter (reviewed and signed by student and parent)

·         Library – set up Outlook and Infinite Campus passwords

Homework:  Personalized (decorated) composition notebook due on Monday 8/17

7^th Grade – Friday 8/14 (6*)

·         Full team meeting with Administration – Got Grit? J

Homework:  Personalized (decorated) composition notebook due on Monday 8/17

8^th Grade – Friday 8/14 (2*, 3*, 4* crunch)

·         2^nd Period = Full team meeting with Administration – Got Grit? J

·         Crunch = Collect final Summer Reading Logs and Core Team Policy Letters (reviewed and signed by parent)

·         Set up Composition Notebook

Homework:  If you still need to turn in your Summer Reading Log or Core Team Policy Letter, please get that in on Monday.  If you want to finish personalizing your comp book, do that this weekend.

Core Team Policies and Information 2015-2016 School Year

Core Team Policies and Information

Welcome New 7^th Graders and Welcome Back Team Dauntless!

Your core teachers are very excited to work with such outstanding students and parents.  We look forward to yet another successful year at Billinghurst Middle School.  Parents and students, please read the following information carefully, as it will directly affect student success on the core team.   Sign the bottom of page 3 and return to Mrs. Rice by Thursday 8/13 (7^th grade) and Friday 8/14 (8^th grade).  Thank you J

Core Teachers

Mr. Joshua Kivi – U.S. History    jkivi@washoeschools.net    website= www.bdb350.blogspot.com

Mr. Sean Ryan - Science      seryan@washoeschools.net  website=  www.bdbryansci.blogspot.com

Mrs. Jennifer Rice – English   jrice@washoeschools.net   website= www.bdbrice.blogspot.com

Communicating With Core Teachers

Students are welcome to come in at lunch or after school to speak with a teacher.  Parents and students are invited to contact core teachers by email; this is the quickest way to receive a response.  Parents, pretty please double check that the email listed for you in Infinite Campus is correct.  That is the email we will use to communicate with you about concerns. You may also call Billinghurst at 746-5870 to speak with a teacher or to set up a team conference through our counselor, Mrs. Frost.  Teachers will return a phone call within 24 hours.  We ask that students take part in all conferences as a way to take responsibility for their own education.  We ask parents to please speak with your child BEFORE contacting a teacher about an assignment as this leaves the student “out of the loop” of his/her own education and responsibilities. 

Infinite Campus 

With so many new classes to juggle, Infinite Campus becomes more important than ever in middle school.  We ask that parents and students check assignment scores on Infinite Campus once a week.  Core teachers have 200 students each!  If a mistake is made on a score in Infinite Campus, it’s typically the parent or student who catches it and brings it to the teacher’s attention.  Infinite Campus also allows you to see any missing assignments.  If you’re keeping up with Infinite Campus weekly, you can quickly finish a missing assignment before it becomes overwhelming.  If you do not have internet access at home, pop into the library before school or at lunch once a week to check your grades on Infinite Campus.

Core Teacher Websites and Calendars

Each of your core teachers has a website (the addresses are listed above).  If you sign on to “follow” each blog, you will receive an email when the websites are updated, but this is optional.  The websites are a fantastic way to keep up with current and up-coming assignments, due dates, project instructions, field trip information and team information.  Your scores on Infinite Campus are after-the-fact, meaning the assignment has already occurred.  Checking the teacher websites once a week allows you to see current assignment information and due dates.  Hey Mom and Dad, having a hard time reading or understanding the tracker?  Try the websites instead! Not sure if the tracker information is accurate?  Check out the websites! Lost your instruction sheet for that major project?  Copy it from the website!

Core Grading  Policy

Assignments will be scored using a point system.  Scores will be entered into Infinite Campus on a weekly basis.   Points will be translated into percentages/grades.

90-100% = A

80-89% = B

70-79% = C

60-69% = D

59% and below = F

Citizenship grades  = average of the Work Ethic grade and Behavior grade.  The Work Ethic grade is lowered ½ grade for every late and/or missing assignment.

Late Work and Make-Up Work

As per district policy, a student has the same number of days he/she was absent from school (plus one day) to complete and turn in make-up work with no penalty.  Once those days have expired, the team late-work policy will be in effect.  It is the student’s responsibility to collect missing assignments (both classwork and homework), and to make up missing tests due to absences.  Late work is discouraged and scores will be reduced 25% and up to 50%.   As mentioned, Work Ethic grades will be lowered ½ grade for every late and missing assignment per grading quarter.  Class projects, group projects, and long-term assignments may not be turned in late.   Extra credit is determined by the individual teacher and is NOT given as a replacement for missing assignments.

Tardiness

Core teachers will follow the school-wide tardy policy.  Tardies are tracked automatically through Infinite Campus.  After three tardies, the student receives detention from the administration and his/her behavior grade lowered ½ grade for every tardy beyond three.   Remember, the morning bell rings at 7:23 AM and students are to be seated in Advisory at 7:30 AM.

Passes

Students may use a tracker pass for the restroom, locker, drinking fountain, or office with teacher permission.  The tracker must be completed with the day’s agenda before a pass will be signed.  Students are allowed 3 passes per week from their tracker.  In order to use a pass, students must carry their school ID.

Paper Headings

In each core class, please title papers in the upper right corner with first and last name, class period, and date.  Remember, core teachers have 200 students, so this is very important!

Trackers and Advisory

The student tracker (agenda book) is a vital parent/student/teacher communication tool used by EVERY student at Billinghurst.  Students are required to complete the agenda information and/or homework information listed on the board at the start of each class (core and elective classes).   If a student is absent, we ask that the student NOT write “absent” in the tracker, but that he/she go to each class at lunch or after school to copy the tracker information and pick up missing assignments.  Trackers will be checked in Advisory on Monday morning of each week to ensure the previous week has been filled out properly and the upcoming week is set up.  Parents are required to review and sign the tracker in the parent comment section every weekend.  Students will receive credit in Advisory for a completed and signed tracker. 

Rewards and Parties

It is so important that students are recognized for doing their very best at Billinghurst.  In addition to school-wide rewards, Bighorn Bucks, and honor cards, the core team teachers reward students on a monthly basis who are displaying components of the Bighorn Attitude with “Smartie Pants” awards! Also, students who have only one late assignment in each core class and no missing assignments at the end of each quarter are invited to a team celebration at the end of each quarter.

Core Team Identity and Team T-Shirts

As you may already know, “core” teams at Billinghurst are made up of 100 students who share the same English, History, and Science teacher for both 7^th and 8^th grade years. Every core team creates a team identity that includes a team name, team motto, team cheer, and team t-shirt. The team identity is celebrated at a school-wide assembly twice a year.  Typically, the core team t-shirt costs between $7 and $10 and is usually ordered in mid-September.  Team t-shirts are purchased in 7^th grade and can be worn for both 7^th and 8^th grade years.  New 8^th graders or returning 8^th graders wishing to purchase another t-shirt will have the opportunity to do so during the first month of school.

Please detach and return to Mrs. Rice no later than Thursday, August 13^th (7^th grade) and Friday, August 14^th (8^th grade).  Thank you J

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

I have read the Core Team Policies and Information for the 2015-2016 school year.

Print Parent Name(s) _____________________________________________________________________  

Signature(s) ________________________________________________________________________________

Print Student Name _______________________________________________  English Class Period ___

Student Signature _________________________________________________